ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the types, morphology, frequency and risk factors of breast carcinoma in modified radical mastectomy specimens
Design: Cross Sectional study
Place and Duration of Study: In Shaukat Khanum Laboratory Lahore, within 10 months from January 2012 to December 2012
Patients and Methods: By using non probability, convenient sampling technique 90 patients between 30-80 years, who underwent modified radical mastectomy, were recruited in the study from Lahore Medical University. Specimens were taken and fixed in 10% formalin. Gross and microscopic examination was done. To minimize the risk of diagnostic error slides were observed by two Histopathologists from Shaukat Khanum Laboratory Lahore
Results: 35.5% patients with breast carcinoma belonged to 4th to 5th decades, 50% patients [45/90] had carcinoma on right side, 66.6% [60/90] cases were infiltrating ductal carcinoma and 26.6 [24/90] cases were lobular type. Women with positive family history shows 33% [30/90] of breast carcinoma, of these samples 24% [22/90] females gives history of using oral contraceptive, whereas 22% [20/90] of them have positive history of smoking, 20% [n=18] had undergone radiation exposure
Conclusions: Highest frequency of breast cancer was found in 40-50 year old women. Ductal Carcinoma was the most common type. Factors highly associated with breast cancer in local population were found to be Positive family history, Oral Contraceptives and radiation exposure
ABSTRACT
Acid-etching employs dental etchants and is used frequently when bonding dental restoration to teeth. By dissolving minerals in enamel, the etchants remove the outer 10 micrometers on the enamel surface and make a porous layer 5-50 micrometers deep. This roughens the enamel microscopically and results in a greater surface area on which to bond. Acid etching with H3PO4 is not achieved over the entire adhesion surface of the tooth. Sodium Hypochlorite solutions have been used as wound and endodontic irrigant as early as 1920 due to its bactericidal and proteolytic properties. Irrigation of the root canals with sodium hypochiorite solutions is now widely accepted. Removing the organic content from the enamel surface with 5.2% sodium hypochiorite [NaOCl] as a deproteinizing agent prior to phosphoric acid etching has shown promising effect in improving the enamel surface area. However no relevant work has been done in Pakistan, so study must be conducted locally to find out the effect of sodium hypochiorite as a deproteinizing agent before acid etching
ABSTRACT
During mixed dentition period discrepancy between spaces available and required in the arch is predicted so that teeth can erupt freely with good alignment. Mixed dentition space analysis is done for this purpose in which size ofunerupted canine andpremolars is predicted. Accurate prediction is very important regarding correct orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Prediction equation and or tables based on size of already erupted permanent teeth are the most widely used methods. Tooth size varies in different racial and ethnic groups and among genders so prediction equation and tables specific to each population for both male and female must be made. Mandibular incisors; combination ofmandibular incisors and mandibular 1[st] molars; and mandibular incisors and maxillary 1[st] molars have been used worldwide. Recent studies have reported that mandibular incisors are not the best predictors and sum ofmandibular incisors and maxillary 1[st] molars are even more accurate predictor for the estimation of size of unerupted teeth. In Pakistani population combination of mandibular incisors and maxillary 1[st] molar have not been employed so study must be conducted to estimate which combination of group of teeth is more accurate for the estimation of size of unerupted canine and premolars in local population
ABSTRACT
Background: Obesity acts as a risk factor for many diseases like diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and ischemic heart disease. Recently, it has been found that obesity is also associated with periodontal disease especially in adults and urban population
Objective: The objective of the present study was to assess association between obesity and alveolar bone loss caused by periodontal diseases in urban Pakistani population in 30-40 years age group
Subjects and Methods: 100 patients of established periodontal disease were selected based on Community Periodontal Index [CPI]. Patients were divided into obese and non-obese groups of 50 each. The criterion for diagnosis obesity was based on body mass index [BMI]. The selection of all 100 subjects was done according to exclusion and inclusion criteria which possibly excluded all other factors which might enhance alveolar bone loss except obesity. Then panoramic radiographs of all subjects were taken and alveolar bone loss was measured. Then to rule out the effect of age on alveolar bone loss an age-related alveolar bone score was calculated for all subjects of both; obese and non-obese group
Results: In this study there were 43 males and 57 females with the mean age of 35.10+2.24 and mean alveolar bone score 64.51+8.21. Obese patients had higher Alveolar Bone loss sore than non-obese individuals with an odds ratio of 4.33 [2.43 - 6.57]
Conclusion: In middle aged patients of periodontal disease belonging to urban Pakistani population obesity as assessed by body mass index [BMI] is associated with increased alveolar bone loss